|
Objectives |
|
I. Invention, innovation and design
-
Describe the 6 stages in the development of a generic technologies (automobile, electric lighting,
electronic computing, etc.) develop
-
Concept Development - The invention exists only
as an idea in the mind of progressives and dreamers.
-
Demonstration of
Basic Concept -
Usually comes from scientific research. Prior to this point the invention or technology can only exist as an idea
-
Trailblazing - Characterized by individual
inventors or R&D groups demonstrating inventions which do not become
innovations.
-
Product Development - Characterized by
highly expensive and/or poorly performing commercial products
-
Commercialization - Characterized by mass product and
applied research aimed at lowering costs and improving performance. The
performance/cost ratio vs. time curve takes on a sigmoidal shape.
-
Maturity - The performance/cost ratio stagnates. Sometimes the
product is replaced.
-
Describe the 4 stages of innovation
-
Developing - an idea becomes
a product
-
Production - the product is
manufactured
-
Marketing and Sales -
customers are located and served
-
Redesign - the cycle or
spiral continues
-
Discuss various invention/innovation case studies:
-
bicycle
-
automobile
-
electric lighting
-
computers
-
wireless communication
-
Generation invention ideas:
emonstration of new scientific
findings: Example - glowing platinum wire led to the light
bulb.
Availability of materials or resources: example plastics, oil, wood,
rubber
-
Describe 5 reasons why inventions succeed or fail to become innovations.
-
Marketability - Potential
for being sold
-
Marketing - Process of
identifying and serving customers.
-
Financial Support -
Investment needed for development, production, and sales.
-
Need - Ability to solve a
problem or address a human need.
-
Price - manufacturing and
sales costs must be low enough for product to be sold for less than the value to
the customer.
-
Describe the 4 key methods of protecting inventions and other intellectual
properties.
-
Patent - utility = 20 yrs, design = 14 yrs, plant = 17 years
-
Copyright
- generally creator's lifetime + 70 years, applies to creative work, created automatically
but can be strengthened by using
© or registering
item must be defended
-
Trademark - indefinite, applies to names or symbols used for
marketing or product image, created by using
™ or SM, or strengthened by registration ®, item must remain in
commerce and be defended.
-
Trade Secret - possibly indefinite, applies mostly to
manufacturing processes
-
Explain what makes an object patentable.
-
Describe provisional patents and explain their purpose
-
indicated by the words patent pending
-
purpose - establish an early effective filing date
-
applicant has 12 months to file a non-provisional application
-
the 12 months not counted against the 20 year patent life.
-
NOT examined on their merits
-
Compare lone inventor, product
champion, and entrepreneur roles.
-
Give an example of incremental design:
incandescent, halogen light bulbs.
-
Define technophile, technocautious, and
technophobe and discuss why people fall in these categories.
-
1st order effects: personal
gains
-
2nd order effects: moral and
ethical, security & privacy, economic circumstances.
-
Discuss why companies resist Innovation
-
Discuss 2 corporate strategies
for innovation
-
pioneering -
high risk, high potential example:
Sony Walkman
-
imitative-
less risk but still requires major development example:
Sony Walkman knockoffs
-
set the standard - Beta vs. VHS video tape
-
Describe 2 examples where innovations have
been abused (must include nuclear energy)
-
Explain the criteria for a proactive
environmental corporate policy
-
design - consideration of environment as part of design
-
life cycle analysis - energy consumption, disposal
-
tradeoffs - performance vs. environment, example Halon
|
|
|
|
|